(eds.), "Khwārazm - خوارزم " in The Beth Qaṭraye Gazetteer last modified January 10, 2020, https://bqgazetteer.bethmardutho.org/place/5350
  
    
      
        
          Khwārazm
          خوارزم
          Khwarezm
          Chorasmia
          Xvârazm
          Khiva
          
          [I]n post-Mongol times increasingly known as K̲h̲īwa, the province lying along the lower course of the Amū Daryā [q.v.] or Oxus, classical Chorasmia. In the early Islamic period, the southern boundary of K̲h̲wārazm was considered to be at Ṭāhiriyya, five days’ journey downstream from Āmul-i S̲h̲aṭṭ (modern Čārd̲j̲ūy), the crossing-place of the K̲h̲urāsān-Buk̲h̲ārā caravan route. Ṭāhiriyya lay just to the south of the gorge of the "lion’s mouth", Dahān-i S̲h̲īr, where the river narrows at modern Düldül Atlag̲h̲ān near Pitnyak.
          
            ثم صورت نهر جيحون وما وراء من اعمال بخارا وسمرقند وأشروسنة وأسبيجاب والشاش وخوارزم الى جميع ما تشتمل عليه من المياه وتحيط به من الطرق والمسالك
          
                    
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          https://bqgazetteer.bethmardutho.org/place/5350
          http://syriaca.org/place/5350
          http://sws.geonames.org/1484843
          
            Kitāb al-masālik wa al-mamālik
                        Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad Ibn Ḥawqal
                        
            9
          
                    
                        Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
                        P. Bearman
                        
                    
                    
                        http://sws.geonames.org/1484843GeoNames Marc Wick